Language-Parametric Program Restructuring
-- NWO Research Project (Software Engineering) --

Vrije Universiteit and Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica

Project approved per July 17, 2003, 2 PhD students for 4 years

Abstract:

Program restructuring is the key technology for achieving scalability of various processes and methods in software maintenance, or, more specifically, in software reengineering. Program restructuring is used to revitalise legacy software by migrations and conversions, to perform mass changes as batch jobs, and to interactively refactor code. Program restructuring or program transformation is crucial in other contexts of software development as well; it is at the heart of current trends for 'intentional programming', 'aspect weaving', `aspect mining', `open compilers', and others.


While previous work is normally geared towards specific languages and specific restructuring scenarios, the present project aims at a general approach to program restructuring that abstracts from language and application specifics in a well-defined manner. This means that operator suites for program restructuring can be reused for different languages (be it for Java and Cobol and Haskell), and for different restructuring tasks. It also means that the derivation of restructuring tools can be further automated.


The project is centred around the following deliverables:

a
An approach to the executable specification for language-parametric program restructuring.
b
A framework with analyses and transformations for language-parametric program restructuring.
c
Properties of language-parametric functionality and their validation.
d
Framework instantiations for specific languages and specific usage scenarios.
e
Reusable dialogue models for interactive program restructuring.
We bundle expertise in program transformation, formal language definition, executable specification, interactive language environments, and software re-engineering. Our approach pays attention to challenges that are posed by the application of transformation technology in the context of software re-engineering. These challenges include the multitude of languages that are subject to re-engineering, the component-based nature of restructuring tools, correctness and reliability requirements, and realities like incomplete or complex language semantics. We address these challenges with designated specification constructs, reuse methods, formal methods, as well as generic and generative programming concepts.

Research Team


Name Affiliation Phone  
NN1 NWO OiO (at CWI)    
NN2 NWO OiO (at VU)    
Dr. M. van den Brand CWI & VU 020 592 4213  
J. Heering CWI 020 592 4130  
Prof. Dr. P. Klint CWI & UvA 020 592 4126 supervisor NN1
Dr. R. Lämmel VU & CWI 020 444 7824 principal Investigator
Prof. Dr. C. Verhoef VU 020 444 7760 supervisor NN2


The team involves two research groups, namely Prof. P. Klint's group at CWI, which specialises in Interactive Software Development and Renovation (Dept. Software Engineering), and Prof. C. Verhoef's group at VU, which specialises in Information Systems and Software Maintenance (Dept. Information Management and Software Engineering). The project application asks for two funded researchers, i.e., one for each group. The assembled research team joins efforts and expertise in executable specification (to `implement' operators and suites for formal restructuring), program transformation (the notion underlying program restructuring), formal methods (to enable formal reason about framework and instantiation properties), formal language definition (to transpose semantic concepts to the restructuring context), generic programming (to provide a concise specification of restructuring), software re-engineering (as the primary application domain), and interactive language tools (to enable complete automation of program restructuring). The precursor NWO project 612.014.006 -- ``Generation of Program Transformation Systems'' -- delivered key publications.

Scientific Problem

The situation in program restructuring is comparable to the situation in formal language definition in the early 1980ies: little is known about the fundamental building blocks of restructuring environments. They are usually designed and implemented for both a specific language and a specific usage scenario. This is in contrast to the desired situation where such specific environments are derived from reusable building blocks using appropriate forms of modular composition. The present project will work out methods, specification constructs, and further concepts to supply a notion of LANGUAGE-PARAMETRIC PROGRAM RESTRUCTURING. In this course, we will identify and organise restructuring notions that apply to many different languages and usage scenarios. As a result, one can reason about restructuring in the abstract. We will capture the restructuring notions in a language-parametric framework, which is complemented by a method for deriving specific restructuring environments in a well-defined manner.

Major deliverables

a
An approach to the executable specification for language-parametric program restructuring.
b
A framework with analyses and transformations for language-parametric program restructuring.
c
Properties of language-parametric functionality and their validation.
d
Framework instantiations for specific languages and specific usage scenarios.
e
Reusable dialogue models for interactive program restructuring.
This development will naturally involve the integration and reconciliation of so far scattered research results and applications scenarios for program restructuring. Here are few examples. Firstly, there are fundamental notions of program transformation which are often spelled out in a specific context, e.g., the beautiful notion of stepwise enhancement [Lak89,PS90,SS94,KMS96], which is geared towards logic programming. This is an `obvious' candidate to be lifted to the language-parametric level. Secondly, today's software development landscape has created many application scenarios for transformation, e.g., refactoring [Opd92,Fow99], component composition [Aßm98], aspect weaving [KLM$^+$97,FS98,Aßm97,Läm99,AL99], and legacy software renovation [ABFP86,SSV02,Sne98]. The speed at which these scenarios pop up truly calls for a more language-parametric approach. Also, such often pragmatic results invite for an extraction of concerns that can be formally captured in a language-parametric setup, e.g., means of abstraction to account for the lack of a full language semantics in re-engineering.

Research Method

There are the following cornerstones of a research method:

Significance of the research project

The overall contribution of the project can be stated as follows. Previous research results on program restructuring are integrated by capturing the key notions in a manner that they are normative for performing restructuring for the full range of programming languages, and in the different application contexts. This is a normal, genuine process in science.


The current situation is different. For example, beautiful theoretical results, even if they are relevant for program restructuring, are not accessible in the often rather applied contexts of program transformation. Examples of the former include work by Pettorossi et al. [PP96], or by Sheard, Taha, et al. [TS97,She01], or by Cousot and Cousot [CC02]. There is nothing worse than theory which is not applied although its potential applications are just there, e.g., in the context of aspect weaving and refactoring. This distance problem also backfires in the other direction. Software re-engineering, as an applied discipline, so far triggered only little basic research on program transformation, but this is very well possible and eligible. There are, for example, original ideas for reasoning about correctness of transformations, without insisting on a full semantics. These ideas of abstraction would need to be formally worked out. It is similar but not identical to the formal notion of abstract interpretation [CC02]. Our project is dedicated to the integration of research results on program restructuring. This includes decreasing the gap between theory and practice.


At a more concrete level, the significance of the project can be stated in terms of the following added value for program restructuring with immediate benefits for software re-engineering:

This is challenging, interdisciplinary subject. We are confident that this is the right time for such an endeavour because a large body of foundations on program transformation, program analysis, meta-programming, formal specification, and programming language semantics has been accumulated while important application domains of program restructuring call for improved reuse, reliability, scalability, and automation.

Related Work

Throughout this text, we pointed out that program restructuring is typically studied in the context of a particular paradigm or even a specific programming language, and then normally in the context of a certain application scenario. There is an enormous amount of related work. Here are some indications grouped per language: object-oriented programs [Opd92,Moo96,RBJ97,Sne98,Fow99], logic programs [PS90,PP96], (higher-order) functional programs [PP96,Bel95,Läm00,TR01], grammars or syntax definitions [Pep99,Läm01], preprocessor macros [Fav96,KR01], and so on.


There is a perception of program transformation, which is less applicable for our purposes, namely the mathematical calculation of programs. In this area, one typically aims at deriving efficient programs from high-level specifications [Par90,dRE98]. We share with this perception the interest in preservation properties such as semantics preservation. In our case, semantics preservation is often constrained by structural properties to make given restructuring goals feasible, to be able to check for correctness, or to take characteristics of a given code portfolio into account. In the re-engineering context, program restructuring relies on weaker properties than conservative semantics preservation.


The idea of reusable building blocks for program analyses and transformations is not new. Relevant elements play a role in related work on language processing and language implementation. For example, the Stratego project [VBT98,Vis00,Vis01] advocates generic traversal schemes for analysis and transformation, which can be instantiated by language-specific ingredients. A good example is a free variable analysis with arguments for the declaring and referring constructs. Similar ideas have been proposed on the basis of extensions of the attribute grammar formalisms, most notably in [FMY92,KW94,SS99]. There are ingredients of our project that are not addressed by such related work, in particular:


In the terminology of meta-programming [She01], program transformations for restructuring are meta-programs on object programs. The present project poses a challenge for meta-programming in that the object language has to be viewed as a parameter. Contrast that with the common situation where meta-language and object language are fixed [BK82,Bow98,TS00,ER02,SP02], and they are normally even amalgamated. Nevertheless, research on meta-programming has revealed a number of notions that are valuable in our project. To give a concrete example, in the Ergo project, higher-order abstract syntax [PE88] is used for the representation of object programs. Higher-order abstract syntax allows to capture the binding constructs of a language, which implies that meta-programs immediately respect this part of the language semantics. Further examples of the relevance of meta-programming include the following:

Detailed deliverables

We will now elaborate on the major deliverables [a]-[e] that were stated earlier. The detailed deliverables will be arranged in categories ``Inventory'', ``Foundations'', and ``Automation''.


Deliverables in the category Inventory:

I1
Modular semantics. The different approaches to formal semantics support modularity in some way or another. That is, the different language concepts can be specified in separation, and the corresponding constructs can be combined in different language designs. These techniques are analysed in depth to identify what ideas can be transposed to the program restructuring context.
I2
Abstraction mechanisms in program transformation. Some work on program transformation and analysis attempts to cover an entire class of languages. Also, the idea of the ultimate intermediate representation is ubiquitous. A well-organised inventory of these techniques including their limitations regarding a seamless, and general language-parametric restructuring approach is needed.
I3
Operators suites for program restructuring. In the various specific contexts of program restructuring, many different operator suites have been proposed with completely different designs, usage scenarios, and targeted applications. All such operator suites will be systematically categorised to use this existing know-how in our language-parametric approach.
I4
Principles of tool support. Program restructuring is either performed in an interactive manner or in batch jobs. Looking at academic as well as commercial setups, we will make an inventory of the principles underlying such tool support. For example: what kind of dialogs are offered, what forms of consistency checking are used, what kind of mechanisms for evolution and feedback are provided.
I5
Semi-automatic user interface design. In the area of graphical user interface design, it is an established approach to generate semi-automatically interfaces or prototypes thereof from analysis and design artifacts, e.g., from process models or work-flows. An inventory of these approaches will be of use to link interactive program restructuring and the underlying specifications in a similar way.
Deliverables in the category Foundations:
F1
Abstraction and modularity mechanisms. We will identify and integrate all forms of polymorphism and modular composition that are relevant for language-parametric restructuring. For example, it is clear that generic traversal is indispensable to handle complex syntactical or other structures. At the same time, provisions are needed to abstract from the specific static and dynamic semantics of a language.
F2
Properties of restructuring operators. In a naive sense, operators should preserve well-typedness and semantics. In order to be scalable, and to cover all scenarios of program restructuring, the provision of well-founded weaker properties is a main goal of this project. This deliverable is challenged by the aspiration to be language-parametric.
F3
Properties of operator suites. The design space of properties, and the methods to enforce them need to be identified. Typical properties of suites are completeness (e.g., `editing' completeness), orthogonality, implementability, scalability, usability, most general abstraction, and relations between operator suites.
F4
Obligations for framework instantiation. The instantiation of language-parametric program transformations for a specific language is more than `parameter passing' because we want to retain abstract properties of the framework in the obtained instantiation. So the obligations for the instantiation process need to be identified, and the process needs to be set up in a way to enforce the obligations.
F5
An executable specification language. This is the culmination point of the development. The ultimate specification language should not just cover the actual transformation rules based on seamless support for the needed abstraction mechanisms, but also all kinds of formal aspects related to the properties of the operators, properties of the operator suites, and the obligations for the instantiation.
Deliverables in the category Automation:
A1
Encoding schemes. Using existing specification or programming languages like ASF+SDF, Haskell, Stratego and Prolog the executable specification of language-parametric transformations is attempted. This will uncover the trade-offs of using such technology, it will trigger suggestions for extensions, and it will lead to familiarity with the programming idioms in the area of program restructuring.
A2
Extension of the Meta-Environment. The ASF+SDF Meta-Environment [Kli93,BDH$^+$01] is our primary setup for providing specification and tool support for language-parametric restructuring. Its component-based architecture will allow us to integrate external components whenever necessary, taking advantage of standard components, e.g., for parsing, and pretty printing. We will extend our Meta-Environment technology to support the specification language as of [F5].
A3
Language-specific restructuring tools. Using the developed methods, the designed specification language, and the prototyped technology, we will derive actual language-specific restructuring tools in the framework as a proof-of-concept. We will reconstruct a refactoring browser for Java, a goto-elimination tool for Cobol, and maybe tools for one or two other languages.
A4
Semi-automated browser derivation. The ASF+SDF Meta-Environment supports the development of interactive language tools. For example, this is automated for structure editors, but there is little support for the automated derivation of interactive restructuring tools. So we need to complement our specification approach in a way to enable a semi-automatic derivation of such tools.
A5
Integration of proof checkers and theorem provers. The automated verification of properties and obligations necessitates the employment of proof checkers or theorem provers. These encodings need to be defined: the program transformations, the properties of operators and suites, the abstractions of the object language semantics, and the obligations for instantiation.

Key publications

The following publications by the applicants lay out relevant results that will contribute to the conception of language-parametric program restructuring:
[Läm02b]
This paper proposes the notion of ``generic refactoring'', which is a special case of language-parametric program restructuring. The paper demonstrates the feasibility of a generic approach to certain program transformations using a specific technical setup based on generic functional programming. The present project aims at the following generalisation:
[BKV01,Läm02c]
These two papers develop central expressiveness for the executable specification of generic program analyses and transformations. The central idea is to support a clear separation of problem-specific functionality and otherwise generic traversals.
[HK00]
This paper accomplishes a tool-oriented approach to the semantics of programming languages. Restructuring tools are among the many tools that can be derived from executable semantics specifications, maybe using ``language design assistants'' which incorporate large parts of language knowledge that can effectively assist tool development. A good example is the specification of scope rules of a language that can be used in many tools.
[SSV02]
This paper discusses a powerful program restructuring approach for the challenging Cobol language. Certain elements of language parametricity are present. For example, most of the Cobol syntax and semantics is irrelevant for this approach. There is ongoing work on proving the correctness of the transformations using an abstract semantics as opposed to the full Cobol semantics.
[BDFH97]
This paper develops a formal transformational toolkit (i.e., an equational logic) for tools that analyse and manipulate programs. The language underlying the logic is a (so to say language-parametric) intermediate language which can be naturally targeted from many specific programming languages. The paper proves completeness of the setup in the sense that, in particular, all semantics-preserving transformations can be derived in the logic.
There are several other publications by the applicants that will be of use in this project that seeks integration of research results on program transformation: [BHK89,Kli93,DHK96,BKV96,BKV97,BSV97,BK98,Läm98,DKV99,Läm99,DKV00,Läm00,BSV00,BDH$^+$01,LV01,BHKO02,LV02,Läm02a,LV03].

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Language-Parametric Program Restructuring
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