Computer and Network Organization: An Introduction
Table of contents
- Introduction
- On data, operations, and storage
- Computers
- From hardware to software
- Operating systems
- Basic communication models
- Connecting computers
- Local area networks
- Wide area networks
- Towards communication architectures
1 Introduction
- 1.1 To start with
- 1.1.1 The what versus the how
- 1.1.2 Architecture versus organization
- 1.2 Computers
- 1.2.1 The essence of computing devices
- 1.2.2 The concept of a multi-level machine
- 1.3 Computer Networks
- 1.3.1 The demand for computer networks
- 1.3.2 Some fundamental problems
- 1.3.3 Expanding networks
- 1.3.4 Towards communication systems
- 1.4 Further reading
- 2 On data, operations, and storage
- 2.1 Introduction: information processing
- 2.2 Data representation
- 2.2.1 Numbers
- 2.2.2 Representing text
- 2.3 Operations
- 2.3.1 Boolean functions
- 2.3.2 Boolean algebra
- 2.3.3 Some examples
- 2.3.4 Towards the next step
- 2.4 Digital circuits
- 2.4.1 Gates
- 2.4.2 Implementing arbitrary Boolean functions
- 2.4.3 Integrated circuits
- 2.5 Storing data
- 2.5.1 1-bit memories
- 2.5.2 Larger memories
- 2.5.3 Massive storage circuits
- 2.6 Summary and further reading
- 3 Computers
- 3.1 Microcomputing
- 3.1.1 Stepwise execution
- 3.1.2 Automated stepwise execution
- 3.1.3 Executing multiple microinstructions
- 3.1.4 A general architecture
- 3.2 General processing
- 3.2.1 Instructions
- 3.2.2 Processors
- 3.2.3 On instruction sets
- 3.3 Interfacing processors and memories
- 3.3.1 General bus architectures
- 3.3.2 Bus arbitration
- 3.3.3 Interprocessor communication
- 3.4 Peripheral devices
- 3.4.1 Interfacing devices and processors
- 3.4.2 Examples of peripheral devices
- 3.5 Discussion and further reading
- 3.5.1 Processor development
- 3.5.2 Processing power
- 4 From hardware to software
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.1.1 Towards software solutions
- 4.1.2 Expressing programs
- 4.1.3 Executing programs
- 4.2 A primitive machine language
- 4.2.1 A basic PRIMAL instruction set
- 4.2.2 Subroutines in PRIMAL
- 4.2.3 Discussion
- 4.3 A structured programming language
- 4.3.1 Data types and variables
- 4.3.2 Statements
- 4.3.3 Procedures
- 4.3.4 Packages
- 4.4 A BASAL virtual processor
- 4.4.1 The principle of a virtual processor
- 4.4.2 On automated translation
- 4.5 Towards an extensible BASAL computer
- 4.5.1 Controlling the translation process
- 4.5.2 Virtual devices
- 4.5.3 Linking and loading
- 4.6 Discussion and further reading
- 4.6.1 Machine languages
- 4.6.2 High-level languages
- 4.6.3 Compiler technology
- 5 Operating systems
- 5.1 Support for multiple programs
- 5.1.1 An example: disk I/O
- 5.1.2 The problems
- 5.2 Memory management
- 5.2.1 Program relocation
- 5.2.2 Procedure protection
- 5.2.3 Memory allocation
- 5.2.4 Advanced memory management: paging
- 5.2.5 Advanced memory management: virtual memory
- 5.3 Process management
- 5.3.1 Context switching
- 5.3.2 From processor contexts to processes
- 5.4 Process interference
- 5.4.1 Synchronization: semaphores
- 5.4.2 Interrupt handling
- 5.4.3 Forcing the use of service programs
- 5.5 On operating systems
- 5.5.1 The evolution of operating systems
- 5.5.2 Architectural aspects of operating system kernels
- 5.5.3 A global architecture
- 5.6 An example extension: file systems
- 5.6.1 The concept of a file
- 5.6.2 File implementation
- 5.6.3 File organization: directories
- 5.7 Discussion
- 5.7.1 Summary and further reading
- 5.7.2 Operating systems today
- 6 Basic communication models
- 6.1 Describing communication models
- 6.1.1 Introduction
- 6.1.2 Processes in BASAL
- 6.2 Making use of shared data
- 6.2.1 Handing over notes
- 6.2.2 Shared streams for continuous communication
- 6.3 Basic message-passing
- 6.3.1 The basic model
- 6.3.2 Passing notes revisited
- 6.3.3 Semantics of message-based communication
- 6.4 Advanced message-based communication
- 6.4.1 Channels
- 6.4.2 The rendez-vous and remote procedure call
- 6.4.3 Group communication
- 6.5 Discussion and further reading
- 6.5.1 Communication models
- 6.5.2 Advanced communication models
- 7 Connecting computers
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 On wiring
- 7.2.1 Transmitting signals
- 7.2.2 Receiving signals
- 7.2.3 In the event of errors
- 7.2.4 Making networks
- 7.3 Frame transmission
- 7.3.1 Flow control
- 7.3.2 Error control
- 7.4 Multiplexing
- 7.5 Towards a layered approach
- 7.5.1 Review of basic communication properties
- 7.5.2 The ISO/OSI reference model
- 7.6 Further reading
- 8 Local area networks
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Getting access to a broadcast channel
- 8.2.1 General problems with broadcast channels
- 8.2.2 Contention systems
- 8.2.3 Collision-free systems
- 8.2.4 On the performance of broadcast channels
- 8.3 Interconnecting LANs
- 8.3.1 Constructing large, high-speed networks
- 8.3.2 Routing between LANs
- 8.4 Basic network interfacing
- 8.4.1 Networks as peripheral devices
- 8.4.2 Frame information
- 8.5 Computer networks in software
- 8.5.1 Layering the network software
- 8.5.2 Supporting multiple protocols
- 8.6 Discussion
- 8.6.1 Summary and further reading
- 8.6.2 Improving local area networks
- 9 Wide area networks
- 9.1 Expanding communication systems
- 9.1.1 Introduction
- 9.1.2 Architectural features of WANs: routers
- 9.1.3 Building a world-wide network
- 9.1.4 Communication models revisited
- 9.2 Routing in wide area networks
- 9.2.1 Network congestion
- 9.2.2 Selecting routes
- 9.2.3 Routing organization
- 9.3 Internetworking
- 9.3.1 What makes internetworks different
- 9.3.2 Internet packet fragmentation
- 9.3.3 Modes of operation
- 9.3.4 An example: the Internet
- 9.4 Integrated services digital networks
- 9.4.1 Introduction
- 9.4.2 ISDN architecture
- 9.4.3 ISDN communication support
- 9.4.4 Broadband ISDN
- 9.5 Making networks work
- 9.5.1 The transport layer
- 9.5.2 Error control
- 9.5.3 Flow control
- 9.5.4 Connection management
- 9.6 Summary and further reading
- 9.6.1 Wide area networks
- 9.6.2 Wide area digital networks
- 10 Towards communication architectures
- 10.1 From local to global systems
- 10.1.1 The notion of distributed applications
- 10.1.2 Implicit assumptions made so far
- 10.2 On open systems
- 10.2.1 The OSI model completed
- 10.2.2 A simplified model for open systems
- 10.3 Communication services
- 10.3.1 Terminal handling services
- 10.3.2 File handling services
- 10.3.3 Message handling services
- 10.3.4 Name handling services
- 10.4 The World Wide Web
- 10.4.1 The Web's basic functionality
- 10.4.2 The underlying technology
- 10.5 Discussion and further reading
- 10.5.1 On distributed applications
- 10.5.2 The communication layer
- 10.5.3 Wide area distributed applications